Introduction Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or the body’s inability to use insulin properly. Over the past few decades, diabetes has emerged as a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where prevalence rates are rising rapidly.

The Alarming Rise of Diabetes The number of people living with diabetes has increased dramatically, from 200 million in 1990 to 830 million in 2022. According to global health statistics, more than 14% of adults aged 18 years and older were diagnosed with diabetes in 2022, compared to just 7% in 1990. A concerning fact is that more than half of the people with diabetes do not take medication to manage their condition, especially in low-income countries, where healthcare access remains a challenge.

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2021, diabetes and kidney disease caused by diabetes accounted for over 2 million deaths. Additionally, around 11% of cardiovascular-related deaths were linked to high blood glucose levels. The mortality rate of diabetes continues to rise, making it a significant contributor to the global burden of disease.

Types of Diabetes There are three main types of diabetes:

1. Type 1 Diabetes: This form of diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the body attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is often diagnosed in children and young adults and requires lifelong insulin therapy. Approximately 9 million people worldwide have Type 1 diabetes, with the majority residing in high-income countries.
2. Type 2 Diabetes: This is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for more than 95% of all cases. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough to maintain normal blood sugar levels. It is often linked to obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. Unlike Type 1, Type 2 diabetes can often be managed or prevented through lifestyle changes.
3. Gestational Diabetes: This type of diabetes occurs during pregnancy and affects both the mother and baby. Women diagnosed with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Early screening and management are essential to reduce complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Symptoms and Complications Diabetes symptoms can be mild and go unnoticed for years, especially in Type 2 diabetes. Common symptoms include:

• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision

If left untreated, diabetes can cause severe health complications, including:

• Heart disease and stroke: High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
• Kidney failure: Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney disease, which may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
• Vision loss: Damage to the blood vessels in the eyes can lead to diabetic retinopathy, which may cause blindness.
• Nerve damage: This can result in loss of sensation in the feet, increasing the risk of infections and amputations.

Prevention and Management While Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can be managed or delayed through lifestyle changes, including:

• Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats while avoiding processed sugars and saturated fats.
• Regular physical activity: Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week can help maintain a healthy weight and improve insulin sensitivity.
• Weight management: Maintaining a normal body weight can significantly reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
• Avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption: These habits contribute to diabetes complications and should be avoided.

Diagnosis and Treatment Diabetes can be diagnosed through blood tests, including fasting blood glucose tests and hemoglobin A1C tests. Once diagnosed, managing diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring.

• Medication: People with Type 1 diabetes require insulin therapy, while those with Type 2 diabetes may be prescribed medications such as metformin, sulfonylureas, or SGLT-2 inhibitors to manage blood sugar levels.
• Blood pressure and cholesterol control: Many people with diabetes need additional medications to reduce the risk of complications.
• Regular screenings: Routine check-ups for eye health, kidney function, and foot health are essential to prevent severe complications.

The Role of Global Health Initiatives The World Health Organization (WHO) has taken significant steps to address the diabetes epidemic. In April 2021, WHO launched the Global Diabetes Compact, an initiative aimed at improving diabetes prevention and care worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The organization also marks World Diabetes Day on November 14th each year to raise awareness and promote global action against diabetes.

In May 2021, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution to strengthen diabetes prevention and control efforts. By 2030, global diabetes coverage targets aim to ensure that all people with diabetes have access to essential medications and healthcare services.

Conclusion Diabetes is a growing global health crisis that affects millions of people worldwide. With rising prevalence rates, especially in low-income countries, early diagnosis, preventive measures, and effective management are crucial in reducing the burden of this disease. A combination of a healthy lifestyle, medication, and regular screenings can help individuals live healthier lives despite diabetes. As global health organizations continue to advocate for better diabetes care, raising awareness and taking proactive measures remain vital in combating this epidemic.